commit 21276cc6d4c197a4f65699d4da106944b2e53454
Author: jackfiled <xcrenchangjun@outlook.com>
Date:   Tue Dec 12 18:40:24 2023 +0800

    init: 初始化rust项目

diff --git a/.cargo/config b/.cargo/config
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b05dfbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.cargo/config
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diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
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index 0000000..96ef862
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diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
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diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
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--- /dev/null
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+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
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+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
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+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
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+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
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diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a73980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# LeetCode
+
+运行`cargo run`来初始化题目的模板文件。
+
+运行`cargo test test_{id}`来运行指定题目的测试。
diff --git a/src/fetcher.rs b/src/fetcher.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8cdd9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/fetcher.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+extern crate reqwest;
+extern crate serde_json;
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::fmt::{Display, Error, Formatter};
+
+const PROBLEMS_URL: &str = "https://leetcode.cn/api/problems/algorithms/";
+const GRAPHQL_URL: &str = "https://leetcode.cn/graphql";
+const QUESTION_QUERY_STRING: &str = r#"
+query questionData($titleSlug: String!) {
+    question(titleSlug: $titleSlug) {
+        content
+        stats
+        codeDefinition
+        sampleTestCase
+        metaData
+    }
+}"#;
+const QUESTION_QUERY_OPERATION: &str = "questionData";
+
+pub async fn get_problem(frontend_question_id: u32) -> Option<Problem> {
+    let problems = get_problems().await.unwrap();
+    for problem in problems.stat_status_pairs.iter() {
+        match problem.stat.frontend_question_id.parse::<u32>() {
+            Ok(id) => {
+                if id == frontend_question_id {
+                    if problem.paid_only {
+                        return None;
+                    }
+
+                    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+                    let resp: RawProblem =  client
+                        .post(GRAPHQL_URL)
+                        .json(&Query::question_query(
+                            problem.stat.question_title_slug.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                        ))
+                        .send()
+                        .await
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .json()
+                        .await
+                        .unwrap();
+                    return Some(Problem {
+                        title: problem.stat.question_title.clone().unwrap(),
+                        title_slug: problem.stat.question_title_slug.clone().unwrap(),
+                        code_definition: serde_json::from_str(&resp.data.question.code_definition).unwrap(),
+                        content: resp.data.question.content,
+                        sample_test_case: resp.data.question.sample_test_case,
+                        difficulty: problem.difficulty.to_string(),
+                        question_id: id,
+                        return_type: {
+                            let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&resp.data.question.meta_data).unwrap();
+                            v["return"]["type"].to_string().replace("\"", "")
+                        },
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+pub async fn get_problem_async(problem_stat: StatWithStatus) -> Option<Problem> {
+    if problem_stat.paid_only {
+        println!(
+            "Problem {} is paid-only",
+            &problem_stat.stat.frontend_question_id
+        );
+        return None;
+    }
+    let resp = surf::post(GRAPHQL_URL).body_json(&Query::question_query(
+        problem_stat.stat.question_title_slug.as_ref().unwrap(),
+    ));
+    if resp.is_err() {
+        println!(
+            "Problem {} not initialized due to some error",
+            &problem_stat.stat.frontend_question_id
+        );
+        return None;
+    }
+    let resp = resp.unwrap().recv_json().await;
+    if resp.is_err() {
+        println!(
+            "Problem {} not initialized due to some error",
+            &problem_stat.stat.frontend_question_id
+        );
+        return None;
+    }
+    let resp: RawProblem = resp.unwrap();
+    match problem_stat.stat.frontend_question_id.parse::<u32>() {
+        Ok(id) => {
+            return Some(Problem {
+                title: problem_stat.stat.question_title.clone().unwrap(),
+                title_slug: problem_stat.stat.question_title_slug.clone().unwrap(),
+                code_definition: serde_json::from_str(&resp.data.question.code_definition).unwrap(),
+                content: resp.data.question.content,
+                sample_test_case: resp.data.question.sample_test_case,
+                difficulty: problem_stat.difficulty.to_string(),
+                question_id: id,
+                return_type: {
+                    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&resp.data.question.meta_data).unwrap();
+                    v["return"]["type"].to_string().replace("\"", "")
+                },
+            });
+        }
+        _ => {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn get_problems() -> Option<Problems> {
+    reqwest::get(PROBLEMS_URL).await.unwrap().json().await.unwrap()
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Problem {
+    pub title: String,
+    pub title_slug: String,
+    pub content: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "codeDefinition")]
+    pub code_definition: Vec<CodeDefinition>,
+    #[serde(rename = "sampleTestCase")]
+    pub sample_test_case: String,
+    pub difficulty: String,
+    pub question_id: u32,
+    pub return_type: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct CodeDefinition {
+    pub value: String,
+    pub text: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "defaultCode")]
+    pub default_code: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct Query {
+    #[serde(rename = "operationName")]
+    operation_name: String,
+    variables: serde_json::Value,
+    query: String,
+}
+
+impl Query {
+    fn question_query(title_slug: &str) -> Query {
+        Query {
+            operation_name: QUESTION_QUERY_OPERATION.to_owned(),
+            variables: json!({ "titleSlug": title_slug }),
+            query: QUESTION_QUERY_STRING.to_owned(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct RawProblem {
+    data: Data,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct Data {
+    question: Question,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct Question {
+    content: String,
+    stats: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "codeDefinition")]
+    code_definition: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "sampleTestCase")]
+    sample_test_case: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "metaData")]
+    meta_data: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Problems {
+    user_name: String,
+    num_solved: u32,
+    num_total: u32,
+    ac_easy: u32,
+    ac_medium: u32,
+    ac_hard: u32,
+    pub stat_status_pairs: Vec<StatWithStatus>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct StatWithStatus {
+    pub stat: Stat,
+    difficulty: Difficulty,
+    paid_only: bool,
+    is_favor: bool,
+    frequency: u32,
+    progress: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Stat {
+    question_id: u32,
+    #[serde(rename = "question__article__slug")]
+    question_article_slug: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "question__title")]
+    question_title: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "question__title_slug")]
+    question_title_slug: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "question__hide")]
+    question_hide: bool,
+    total_acs: u32,
+    total_submitted: u32,
+    pub frontend_question_id: String,
+    is_new_question: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct Difficulty {
+    level: u32,
+}
+
+impl Display for Difficulty {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        match self.level {
+            1 => f.write_str("Easy"),
+            2 => f.write_str("Medium"),
+            3 => f.write_str("Hard"),
+            _ => f.write_str("Unknown"),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55b0298
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#[macro_use]
+pub mod util;
+
+pub mod solution;
+pub mod problem;
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2bafc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate serde_derive;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate serde_json;
+
+mod fetcher;
+
+use crate::fetcher::{CodeDefinition, Problem};
+use regex::Regex;
+use std::env;
+use std::fs;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io;
+use std::io::{BufRead, Write};
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use futures::executor::block_on;
+use futures::executor::ThreadPool;
+use futures::future::join_all;
+use futures::stream::StreamExt;
+use futures::task::SpawnExt;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+/// main() helps to generate the submission template .rs
+#[tokio::main]
+async  fn main() {
+    println!("Welcome to leetcode-rust system.\n");
+    let mut initialized_ids = get_initialized_ids();
+    loop {
+        println!(
+            "Please enter a frontend problem id, \n\
+            or \"random\" to generate a random one, \n\
+            or \"solve $i\" to move problem to solution/, \n\
+            or \"all\" to initialize all problems \n"
+        );
+        let mut is_random = false;
+        let mut is_solving = false;
+        let mut id: u32 = 0;
+        let mut id_arg = String::new();
+        io::stdin()
+            .read_line(&mut id_arg)
+            .expect("Failed to read line");
+        let id_arg = id_arg.trim();
+
+        let random_pattern = Regex::new(r"^random$").unwrap();
+        let solving_pattern = Regex::new(r"^solve (\d+)$").unwrap();
+        let all_pattern = Regex::new(r"^all$").unwrap();
+
+        if random_pattern.is_match(id_arg) {
+            println!("You select random mode.");
+            id = generate_random_id(&initialized_ids);
+            is_random = true;
+            println!("Generate random problem: {}", &id);
+        } else if solving_pattern.is_match(id_arg) {
+            // solve a problem
+            // move it from problem/ to solution/
+            is_solving = true;
+            id = solving_pattern
+                .captures(id_arg)
+                .unwrap()
+                .get(1)
+                .unwrap()
+                .as_str()
+                .parse()
+                .unwrap();
+            deal_solving(&id);
+            break;
+        } else if all_pattern.is_match(id_arg) {
+            // deal all problems
+            let pool = ThreadPool::new().unwrap();
+            let mut tasks = vec![];
+            let problems = fetcher::get_problems().await.unwrap();
+            let mut mod_file_addon = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![]));
+            for problem_stat in problems.stat_status_pairs {
+                match problem_stat.stat.frontend_question_id.parse::<u32>() {
+                    Ok(id) => {
+                        if initialized_ids.contains(&id) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _ => {}
+                };
+                let mod_file_addon = mod_file_addon.clone();
+                tasks.push(
+                    pool.spawn_with_handle(async move {
+                        let problem = fetcher::get_problem_async(problem_stat).await;
+                        if problem.is_none() {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        let problem = problem.unwrap();
+                        let code = problem
+                            .code_definition
+                            .iter()
+                            .find(|&d| d.value == "rust".to_string());
+                        if code.is_none() {
+                            println!("Problem {} has no rust version.", problem.question_id);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        // not sure this can be async
+                        async {
+                            mod_file_addon.lock().unwrap().push(format!(
+                                "mod p{:04}_{};",
+                                problem.question_id,
+                                problem.title_slug.replace("-", "_")
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        .await;
+                        let code = code.unwrap();
+                        // not sure this can be async
+                        // maybe should use async-std io
+                        async { deal_problem(&problem, &code, false) }.await
+                    })
+                    .unwrap(),
+                );
+            }
+            block_on(join_all(tasks));
+            let mut lib_file = fs::OpenOptions::new()
+                .write(true)
+                .append(true)
+                .open("./src/problem/mod.rs")
+                .unwrap();
+            writeln!(lib_file, "{}", mod_file_addon.lock().unwrap().join("\n"));
+            break;
+        } else {
+            id = id_arg
+                .parse::<u32>()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("not a number: {}", id_arg));
+            if initialized_ids.contains(&id) {
+                println!("The problem you chose has been initialized in problem/");
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let problem = fetcher::get_problem(id).await.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!(
+                "Error: failed to get problem #{} \
+                 (The problem may be paid-only or may not be exist).",
+                id
+            )
+        });
+        let code = problem
+            .code_definition
+            .iter()
+            .find(|&d| d.value == "rust".to_string());
+        if code.is_none() {
+            println!("Problem {} has no rust version.", &id);
+            initialized_ids.push(problem.question_id);
+            continue;
+        }
+        let code = code.unwrap();
+        deal_problem(&problem, &code, true);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_random_id(except_ids: &[u32]) -> u32 {
+    use rand::Rng;
+    use std::fs;
+    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+    loop {
+        let res: u32 = rng.gen_range(1, 1106);
+        if !except_ids.contains(&res) {
+            return res;
+        }
+        println!(
+            "Generate a random num ({}), but it is invalid (the problem may have been solved \
+             or may have no rust version). Regenerate..",
+            res
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_initialized_ids() -> Vec<u32> {
+    let content = fs::read_to_string("./src/problem/mod.rs").unwrap();
+    let id_pattern = Regex::new(r"p(\d{4})_").unwrap();
+    id_pattern
+        .captures_iter(&content)
+        .map(|x| x.get(1).unwrap().as_str().parse().unwrap())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn parse_extra_use(code: &str) -> String {
+    let mut extra_use_line = String::new();
+    // a linked-list problem
+    if code.contains("pub struct ListNode") {
+        extra_use_line.push_str("\nuse crate::util::linked_list::{ListNode, to_list};")
+    }
+    if code.contains("pub struct TreeNode") {
+        extra_use_line.push_str("\nuse crate::util::tree::{TreeNode, to_tree};")
+    }
+    if code.contains("pub struct Point") {
+        extra_use_line.push_str("\nuse crate::util::point::Point;")
+    }
+    extra_use_line
+}
+
+fn parse_problem_link(problem: &Problem) -> String {
+    format!("https://leetcode.cn/problems/{}/", problem.title_slug)
+}
+
+fn parse_discuss_link(problem: &Problem) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "https://leetcode.cn/problems/{}/discuss/?currentPage=1&orderBy=most_votes&query=",
+        problem.title_slug
+    )
+}
+
+fn insert_return_in_code(return_type: &str, code: &str) -> String {
+    let re = Regex::new(r"\{[ \n]+}").unwrap();
+    match return_type {
+        "ListNode" => re
+            .replace(&code, "{\n        Some(Box::new(ListNode::new(0)))\n    }")
+            .to_string(),
+        "ListNode[]" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "TreeNode" => re
+            .replace(
+                &code,
+                "{\n        Some(Rc::new(RefCell::new(TreeNode::new(0))))\n    }",
+            )
+            .to_string(),
+        "boolean" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        false\n    }").to_string(),
+        "character" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        '0'\n    }").to_string(),
+        "character[][]" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "double" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        0f64\n    }").to_string(),
+        "double[]" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "int[]" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "integer" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        0\n    }").to_string(),
+        "integer[]" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "integer[][]" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "list<String>" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "list<TreeNode>" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "list<boolean>" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "list<double>" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "list<integer>" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "list<list<integer>>" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "list<list<string>>" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "list<string>" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "null" => code.to_string(),
+        "string" => re
+            .replace(&code, "{\n        String::new()\n    }")
+            .to_string(),
+        "string[]" => re.replace(&code, "{\n        vec![]\n    }").to_string(),
+        "void" => code.to_string(),
+        "NestedInteger" => code.to_string(),
+        "Node" => code.to_string(),
+        _ => code.to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_desc(content: &str) -> String {
+    // TODO: fix this shit
+    content
+        .replace("<strong>", "")
+        .replace("</strong>", "")
+        .replace("<em>", "")
+        .replace("</em>", "")
+        .replace("</p>", "")
+        .replace("<p>", "")
+        .replace("<b>", "")
+        .replace("</b>", "")
+        .replace("<pre>", "")
+        .replace("</pre>", "")
+        .replace("<ul>", "")
+        .replace("</ul>", "")
+        .replace("<li>", "")
+        .replace("</li>", "")
+        .replace("<code>", "")
+        .replace("</code>", "")
+        .replace("<i>", "")
+        .replace("</i>", "")
+        .replace("<sub>", "")
+        .replace("</sub>", "")
+        .replace("</sup>", "")
+        .replace("<sup>", "^")
+        .replace("&nbsp;", " ")
+        .replace("&gt;", ">")
+        .replace("&lt;", "<")
+        .replace("&quot;", "\"")
+        .replace("&minus;", "-")
+        .replace("&#39;", "'")
+        .replace("\n\n", "\n")
+        .replace("\n", "\n * ")
+}
+
+async fn deal_solving(id: &u32) {
+    let problem = fetcher::get_problem(*id).await.unwrap();
+    let file_name = format!(
+        "p{:04}_{}",
+        problem.question_id,
+        problem.title_slug.replace("-", "_")
+    );
+    let file_path = Path::new("./src/problem").join(format!("{}.rs", file_name));
+    // check problem/ existence
+    if !file_path.exists() {
+        panic!("problem does not exist");
+    }
+    // check solution/ no existence
+    let solution_name = format!(
+        "s{:04}_{}",
+        problem.question_id,
+        problem.title_slug.replace("-", "_")
+    );
+    let solution_path = Path::new("./src/solution").join(format!("{}.rs", solution_name));
+    if solution_path.exists() {
+        panic!("solution exists");
+    }
+    // rename/move file
+    fs::rename(file_path, solution_path).unwrap();
+    // remove from problem/mod.rs
+    let mod_file = "./src/problem/mod.rs";
+    let target_line = format!("mod {};", file_name);
+    let lines: Vec<String> = io::BufReader::new(File::open(mod_file).unwrap())
+        .lines()
+        .map(|x| x.unwrap())
+        .filter(|x| *x != target_line)
+        .collect();
+    fs::write(mod_file, lines.join("\n"));
+    // insert into solution/mod.rs
+    let mut lib_file = fs::OpenOptions::new()
+        .append(true)
+        .open("./src/solution/mod.rs")
+        .unwrap();
+    writeln!(lib_file, "mod {};", solution_name);
+}
+
+fn deal_problem(problem: &Problem, code: &CodeDefinition, write_mod_file: bool) {
+    let file_name = format!(
+        "p{:04}_{}",
+        problem.question_id,
+        problem.title_slug.replace("-", "_")
+    );
+    let file_path = Path::new("./src/problem").join(format!("{}.rs", file_name));
+    if file_path.exists() {
+        panic!("problem already initialized");
+    }
+
+    let template = fs::read_to_string("./template.rs").unwrap();
+    let source = template
+        .replace("__PROBLEM_TITLE__", &problem.title)
+        .replace("__PROBLEM_DESC__", &build_desc(&problem.content))
+        .replace(
+            "__PROBLEM_DEFAULT_CODE__",
+            &insert_return_in_code(&problem.return_type, &code.default_code),
+        )
+        .replace("__PROBLEM_ID__", &format!("{}", problem.question_id))
+        .replace("__EXTRA_USE__", &parse_extra_use(&code.default_code))
+        .replace("__PROBLEM_LINK__", &parse_problem_link(problem))
+        .replace("__DISCUSS_LINK__", &parse_discuss_link(problem));
+
+    let mut file = fs::OpenOptions::new()
+        .write(true)
+        .create(true)
+        .truncate(true)
+        .open(&file_path)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    file.write_all(source.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    drop(file);
+
+    if write_mod_file {
+        let mut lib_file = fs::OpenOptions::new()
+            .write(true)
+            .append(true)
+            .open("./src/problem/mod.rs")
+            .unwrap();
+        writeln!(lib_file, "mod {};", file_name);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/util/linked_list.rs b/src/util/linked_list.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37b18e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/linked_list.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub struct ListNode {
+    pub val: i32,
+    pub next: Option<Box<ListNode>>,
+}
+
+impl ListNode {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(val: i32) -> Self {
+        ListNode { next: None, val }
+    }
+}
+
+// helper function for test
+pub fn to_list(vec: Vec<i32>) -> Option<Box<ListNode>> {
+    let mut current = None;
+    for &v in vec.iter().rev() {
+        let mut node = ListNode::new(v);
+        node.next = current;
+        current = Some(Box::new(node));
+    }
+    current
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! linked {
+    ($($e:expr),*) => {to_list(vec![$($e.to_owned()), *])};
+    ($($e:expr,)*) => {to_list(vec![$($e.to_owned()), *])};
+}
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a3e574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#[macro_use]
+pub mod linked_list;
+#[macro_use]
+pub mod vec_string;
+#[macro_use]
+pub mod tree;
+#[macro_use]
+pub mod point;
diff --git a/src/util/point.rs b/src/util/point.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3af0c80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/point.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Point {
+    pub x: i32,
+    pub y: i32,
+}
+
+impl Point {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Self {
+        Point { x, y }
+    }
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! point {
+    ($($e:expr),*) => {
+        {
+            let vec = vec![$($e.to_owned()), *];
+            Point::new(vec[0], vec[1])
+        }
+    };
+    ($($e:expr,)*) => (point![$($x),*])
+}
diff --git a/src/util/testing.rs b/src/util/testing.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b13789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/testing.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/src/util/tree.rs b/src/util/tree.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dacda57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/tree.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct TreeNode {
+    pub val: i32,
+    pub left: Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>>,
+    pub right: Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>>,
+}
+
+impl TreeNode {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(val: i32) -> Self {
+        TreeNode {
+            val,
+            left: None,
+            right: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn to_tree(vec: Vec<Option<i32>>) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>> {
+    use std::collections::VecDeque;
+    let head = Some(Rc::new(RefCell::new(TreeNode::new(vec[0].unwrap()))));
+    let mut queue = VecDeque::new();
+    queue.push_back(head.as_ref().unwrap().clone());
+
+    for children in vec[1..].chunks(2) {
+        let parent = queue.pop_front().unwrap();
+        if let Some(v) = children[0] {
+            parent.borrow_mut().left = Some(Rc::new(RefCell::new(TreeNode::new(v))));
+            queue.push_back(parent.borrow().left.as_ref().unwrap().clone());
+        }
+        if children.len() > 1 {
+            if let Some(v) = children[1] {
+                parent.borrow_mut().right = Some(Rc::new(RefCell::new(TreeNode::new(v))));
+                queue.push_back(parent.borrow().right.as_ref().unwrap().clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    head
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! tree {
+    () => {
+        None
+    };
+    ($($e:expr),*) => {
+        {
+            let vec = vec![$(stringify!($e)), *];
+            let vec = vec.into_iter().map(|v| v.parse::<i32>().ok()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            to_tree(vec)
+        }
+    };
+    ($($e:expr,)*) => {(tree![$($e),*])};
+}
diff --git a/src/util/vec_string.rs b/src/util/vec_string.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b07068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/vec_string.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! vec_string {
+    ($($e:expr),*) => {vec![$($e.to_owned()), *]};
+    ($($e:expr,)*) => {vec![$($e.to_owned()), *]};
+}
diff --git a/template.rs b/template.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11411f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/template.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/**
+ * [__PROBLEM_ID__] __PROBLEM_TITLE__
+ *
+ * __PROBLEM_DESC__
+ */
+pub struct Solution {}__EXTRA_USE__
+
+// problem: __PROBLEM_LINK__
+// discuss: __DISCUSS_LINK__
+
+// submission codes start here
+
+__PROBLEM_DEFAULT_CODE__
+
+// submission codes end
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test___PROBLEM_ID__() {
+    }
+}